Specimens A - wood ash
Specimens B - charcoal
Specimens C - lime stone
Posted by coic1 at 9:27 AM
Observable physical properties of specimens A, B and C
Specimens A/ wood ash
1. it is Grey in colour
2. it is smooth and velvety to touch
3. it is powdery in form
4. it is dry and and odourless
Posted by coic1 at 9:27 AM
Specimens B/ charcoal
1. it is black in colour and odourless
2. it is hard to touch ie it is solid and strong/crystals
3. it is easily to be grinded to powder
Posted by coic1 at 9:26 AM
Specimens C/ lime stone
1. it is whitish in colour
2. it is solid/pellet
3. it is dry and odourless
4. it can be easily dissolved in water
Posted by coic1 at 9:25 AM
Agricultural uses of specimens A, B and C
Specimens A/ wood ash
1. it is used for correcting soil acidity
2. it is a good natural pesticide for controlling insect pests of seedling and vegetables
3. it provides potassium for plant growth and a good component of compost
4. it increases growth of phytoplankton in fish ponds and can be used to correct acidity in fish ponds
Posted by coic1 at 9:23 AM
Agricultural uses of specimen B/charcoal
1. it is used for ironing clothes
2. it is used for heating/melting iron metal by plumbers
3. it is used for roasting farm products
4. it is used for making fire by the fire pot in order to produce CO or CO2
Posted by coic1 at 9:22 AM
Agricultural uses of specimen C/ lime stone
1. it is used in the soil to corrct soil acidity
2. ut helps to supply calcium for root development
3. it can be used to lime fish ponds to correct water acidity
4. it can be used to improve clay soil structure
5. it brings about flocculation of fine clay particles in fish ponds as well as reducing turbidity of ponds
Posted by coic1 at 9:21 AM
Main Nutrients released to the soil by crop uses for specimens A and C
specimens A - potassium
specimens C - calcium
Posted by coic1 at 9:19 AM
Crops Require specimens A and C
Crops Require specimens A: Cassava, cocoyams, sweet potato, irish potatato, yams, carrot
Posted by coic1 at 9:18 AM
Crops Require specimens C:
Groundnut, pigeon pears, cowpea, soyabeans, bambara groundnut
Posted by coic1 at 9:17 AM
Role of specimen C In (i). Crop production:-
1. it helps to reduce soil acidity
2. it increases the activities of soil living organisms
3. it improves the soil structure
4. it increases water percolation in soil
Posted by coic1 at 9:15 AM
(ii). Fish production:-
1. it serves as additional source of calcium for bone development in fish
2. it reduces turbidity in the fish ponds through floculation.
Posted by coic1 at 9:13 AM
Other Chemical substances in place of specimens A or C are:-
quicklime, slaked lime, basic sag, dolomite, calcium bicarbonate, gypsum.
Posted by coic1 at 9:12 AM
Methods of application of specimen A on the field
Methods of application of specimen A on the field
1. it can be spread on the farm before ploughing
2. it can be put in holes before planting
3. it can be placed at the base of plant stem
4. it can be allowed to be in rows before ridging
Posted by coic1 at 9:10 AM
Methods of application of specimen C on the field
1. broadcasting
2. ring method
3. row or side placement
4. to dressing
Posted by coic1 at 5:46 AM 0 comments This subject can be beter
prcautions to be taking when applying specimen A or C
1. do not apply whe the soil is very dry
2. when applying manually always wear gloves.
3. wash hands immeiately after application
4. wear protective clothing
Posted by coic1 at 5:41 AM 0 comments This subject can be beter
Identification of specimens D, E and F
Specimens D - Garden soil
Specimens E - Dilute acid
Reasons: it changes blue litmus paper to red
Specimens F - 250cm3 measuring cylinder
Posted by coic1 at 5:36 AM 0 comments This subject can be beter
Adverse effects of specimen E on specimen D reaction to plants
1. hinder the absortion of mineral ions
2. reduce microbial population and cause certain nutrients to be present in toxic level
3. it also causes nutrient deficiency
4. it depresses nutrification because of its adverse effect on microbial
Posted by coic1 at 5:28 AM
Uses of specimens D and F
Uses of specimens D/ Garden soil
1. it is the habitat of soil organisms
2. it supports plants growth
3. ut is the source of plant nutrients
4. it is the source of soil water/air to plants
Uses of specimens F/250cm3 measuring cylinder
1. it is used for comparing the amount of water retained/drained by different types of
soil
2. it is used for measuring the volume of liquids
3. it used for determining the soil edmentation
Draw and lab. the apparatus showing the method of determing soil texture by sedimentation
Posted by coic1 at 5:02 AM
Identification of specimens G, H and I
Specimens G - ranging pole
Specimens H - measuring tape
Specimens I - pin
Posted by coic1 at 4:49 AM 0 comments This subject can be beter
Description of specimen G, H and I
Description of specimen G/ ranging pole
- it is made of wood or metal
- it is of varying lengths eg, 1.8m, 2.4m or 3.0m
- it is generally circular in section, though some octagonal types are obtainable
- it is painted black, bright red and white to enable it to be seen from a distance
- it has a pointed end
Description of specimen H/Measuring tape
- it is usually made of line or fine steel sheet
- it is usually marked on one side with metric units and the other side with the imperial unit
- the tape is of various types and lengths
- the tape is normally wound in a small case from where it is unwound for use
Description of specimen I/Pin
- it is a thin pointed steel wires of about 30cm long with one end curved into a ring
- a red cloth is normally attached to the ring so that it can be seen from afar
Posted by coic1 at 4:32 AM
Functions/uses of specimens G, H and I
Functions/uses of specimen G/ ranging pole
1. it is used for tmarking stations
2. it is also used for making straight lines
Functions/uses of specimen H/measuring tape
1. it is used for taking measurement of length
2. it is used for taking measurement of bresdth and height
Functions/uses of specimen I/Pin
1. it is used during chaining for marking off chain lengths as measured
2. it can also used for marking stations
Posted by coic1 at 4:13 AM
Ways of maintaining the specimens G, H and I
- All instruments must be clean after use
- keep instruments in dry and cool places
- keep instruments away from heat and rain to prevent damage and rusting respective
- use instuments only for the intended functions
- let competent surveyor handle and use the insruments only or as he may direct
Posted by coic1 at 4:05 AM
the people that use the specimens
specimens G, H, aond I are used by the surveyor as the surveying and planning of farmstead while specimens J, K and L are used by the peasant farmers for operations
Posted by coic1 at 4:00 AM
specimen J - Garden line
Posted by coic1 at 3:38 AM 0 comments This subject can be beter
Identification of specimens J, K and L
specimens J - garden line
specimen K - hand trowel
specimen L - mattock
Description of specimen J/ garden line
- it is made of long line or twine
- one of its end is attached to the wood or fine steel sheet
- it is of varying lengths rotate round the wooden/ steel sheet
Posted by coic1 at 3:28 AM 0 comments This subject can be beter
Description of specimen K/ hand trawel
- it is a small hand tool
- it consists of a short metal handle and a scoop
- it is a shaped blade
- like the hand fork
Posted by coic1 at 3:08 AM
Description of specimen L/ Mattock
- it cinsists of a small wooden handle
- it consists of a doudle-headed metal head
- it is essentially a small axe and hoe combined in one
Posted by coic1 at 3:04 AM
Functions/uses of specimen J/ Garden line
1. it is used for marking length of ridges
2. for marking station
3. for making straight lines
Posted by coic1 at 3:01 AM
Functions/uses of specimen K/ Hand trowel
i. it is used for transplanting seedlings
2. for fertilizer or manure application
3. for digging holes for planting
4. for mixing soil and fertilizer
Posted by coic1 at 2:57 AM
Functions/uses of specimen L/ Mattock
1. used for digging and uprooting small stumps
2. for loosening of stones, roots and hard plants in the soil and digging of soil
3. for clearing bush and weeding farms.
Posted by coic1 at 2:52 AM 0 comments This subject can be beter
Maintenance practices of specimens J, K and L
1. clean or wash and dry after use
2. straighten bent blade
3. sharpen blunt blade
4. store in a cool, dry place
5. paint, grease or oil metal parts before storange for a long time
IDENTIFICATION SPECIMENS N AND O
Specimen N- sweet Peppe
Specimen O- sweet Orange
CLIMATIC AND SOIL REQUIREMENT OF SPECIMENS N AND O
N/sweet Peppe- Temperature of 15C - 27C, rainfall of 100cm - 150cm per annum and a rich well-drained loamy soil.
O/sweet Orange - Temperature of 25C - 35C, rainfall of 75cm - 125cm per annum and a well drianed fertile and deep soil/ higher elevation and slightly sloping land.
METHOD OF PROPAGATION OF SPECIMENS OF N AND O
N/sweet Peppe- by seed O/sweet Orange - sexually by seed and vegetative propagation by budding and grafting
PLANTING DATE OF SPECIMENS N AND O
N/sweet Peppe-i. nursery:i. nursery: February - March
ii. transplanting: April - May
O/sweet Orange-i. nursery: October - December
ii. budding is done a year later
SPACING OF SPECIMENS N AND O
N/sweet Peppe-i. nursery: 5cm by 5cm
ii. field: 60cm by 60cm
O/sweet Orange-i. pre-nursery: october - december
ii. nursery: 60cm by 60cm
iii. field: 7cm by 7cm
NURSERY PRACTICES OF SPECIMENS N AND O
N/sweet Peppe
1. seeds are drilled in seed boxes or trays containing top soil.
2. shade is provided
3. watering is done regularly
4. weeding is done when plants is 10cm - 15cm tall
PLANTING: is done when plant is 10cm - 15cm tall.
TRANSPLANTING: is done with ball of-earth on the root to the field around April and May.
O/sweet Orange-pre nursery: 1. the seeds are raised in seed trays by October - December in a loamy soil, rich in organic matter.
ii. the seeds are sown 3cm by 3cm at 2cm deep.
Nursery: i. the seeds are now replanted at 60cm x 60cm spacing
ii. it is planted around April and May
iii. watering, weeding and shading are provided
iv. budding and grafting are done a year later.
Transplanting: after one year of budding, the seedlings are transplanted to the field at a spacing of 7m x 7m.
CULTURAL PRACTICES OF SPECIMENS N AND O
N/sweet Peppe- i.weeding: is done regularly
ii. multching: should be done to conserve moisture in the soil.
iii. fertilizer Aplication- Apply 100kg/ha of ammonium sulphate by ring method.
iv. Maturity period: it matures between two and three months.
v. Harvesting: pepper (ripe or unripe) can be harvested with hand or with knife
vi. Processing and Storage: ripe fruits can be dried or cured day and night for 6 - 14 days. Dried fruits are stored in sacks and kepts in warm places.
O/sweet Orange-i. weeding: is done regularly by cutlassing or by herbicides
ii. fertilizer Aplication: sulphate of ammonium at the rate of 350kg/ha is applied by ring method at reguar intervals
iii. multching: is done during dry season
iv. Irrigation, especially during dry season, is also ractised
v. Pruning can also be done
vi. Insects and diseases should be controlled and prevented.
vii. Maturity period: occurs between three and seven years
viii.Harvesting: clean or pot-picking of matured or ripe fruits with hand or harvesting knife is done carefully and over a period of time.
Processing and Storage: orange can be processing into orange juice which can be stored in canned or bottled form.
PEST OF SPECIMENS N AND O
N/sweet Peppe- Crickets and grasshoppers attack plants and eat up the leaves
O/sweet Orange- Thrips, Red mites, scale insects, phides, leaf hoppers, fruit borers, caterpillars. All these pests attack citrus leaves, flowers and fruits
CONTROL MWEASURE OF PESTS OF SPECIMENS N AND O
N/sweet Peppe- Spray with insecticides
O/sweet Orange-i. spray with insecticides like Gammalin 20 and malathion
ii. by hand picking of leaf hoppers
ii. use poison baits to leaf hoppers
DISEASES OF SPECIMENS N AND O
N/sweet Peppe-i. leaf spot- caused by a fungus
symptoms- i. sprotting of leaves of young plants in nursery
ii. decay of flowers and leaves
control: spray with insecticide
ii. Damping off: caused by fungal diseases
Symptoms: the leaves wither gradually and dry off
Control: i. seed should not be sown very close to each other.
ii. spray with copper fungicides.
iii.L eaf Curl: caused by a virus which transmitted by insect
Symptons: wringling of the leaves and stunted growth.
Control: i. spray with insecticides to kill vectors
ii. uproot and burn infected plant
iii. practise crop rotation
O/sweet Orange-1. Gummosis- caused by a fungus phytophthora spp
Symptons: rottening of the bark near the ground, drying and cracking of bark, rease of gum or slimy substance, turn leaves yellow and begin to die back.
Control: i. use resistance varieties. ii. spray with appropriate fungicides
iii. paint the trunk with crude cabolic and water.
2.Tristeza: caused by virus and transmitted by aphid.
Symptons: phloem necrosis and swelling at bud union.
Control: use resistant varieties
3. Citrus scab: fungal disease breaks within the soil
Symptons: it attacks young leaves and stem.
Control: treat with fungicide eg Bordeaux mixture
BOTANICAL AND COMMON NAMES OF SPECIMENS N AND O
N: common name - sweet Pepper
Botanical name - Capsicum annum
O: common name - sweet Orange
Botanical name - Citrus sinensis
Other varieties of specimens N and O
N: Chili pepper, bird's eye pepper- Capsicum frutescens
O: Lime - Citrus aurantifolia
Specimen p - tape worm
Specimen Q - liver fluke
Specimen R - tick
Specimen T - hand lens
ANIMAL HOSTS FOR SPECIMENS P, Q AND R
P– is found in cattle, pig, goat, sheep
Q- Cattle, sheep, goat, horse/donkey
R- Cattle, sheep, goat, horse/donkey, dog, pig.
Secondary host of specimen Q is snail.
Economic importance/Damage done on their host
P/ tape worm – i. abdominal pain or discomfort
ii. anaemia.
iii. weakness
iv. indigestion and vomiting
Q/liver fluke- i. causes blockage of bile ducts and sucking of blood/ anaemia and this may cause internal bleeding or haemorrhage. ii. It also burrows into the liver and causes loss of weight or emaciation and reduction in productivity. iii. It causes a disease called bilharzias or schistosomiasis. iv. It leads to digestive disturbance. v. it may result t death
R/ tick- i. it causes great annoyance and irritation to their host. ii. It acts as vectors of diseases eg fever and heat water diseases iii. injuries from their bites may become ulcerated wounds. iv. injuries or wound caused may become sources of secondary infection. v. damage of the skin by tick on host reduces the quality of skin or hides. vi. They suck the blood of host thus leading to anaemia in host animal.
vii. the lost of blood may lead to loss of weight and death of host animal.
CONTROL MEASURE OF SPECIMEN P/ tape worm
i. all meat should be examined for bladder worm before selling to the public
ii. meat should be properly cooked before eating
iii. infected people should be treated by regular deworming
iv. practice good sanitary measures
CONTROL MEASURE OF SPECIMEN Q/liver fluke
i. drain pasture properly since wet pasture can harbour snails
ii. introduce ducks and geese to eat up the snail
iii. use lime on pasture because eggs of liver fluke do not hatch in water containing high level of alkaline
CONTROL MEASURE OF SPECIMEN/ R/ tick
i. animals should be kept in clean surroundings
ii. animals should be dipped in insecticide solution regularly to destroy ticks or spray them with ascaricide solution
iii. practice rotational grazing or padlocking
iv. new stock are to be isolated to ensure that they are free from infection
v. animal bedding should be changed regularly
